Modern navigators use the 360° angles to refer compass directions. But traditional mariners reckoned that by compass points.
I would say that Boxing the Compass is a necessary sea-going skill even for the modern navigators. During my college days, it was pride among cadets to recite all the 32 points in clockwise and then in anticlockwise direction without pausing. Still, some of the Maritime Academies are training their cadets to do so.
The Math of Compass Points

Before dive in to know about Boxing the compass, I would like to explain the math of compass points. There are 32 points in the Compass of 360°. So the angular range of one Compass point is,
360°/32 = 11.25°
Therefore it is 11.25° between each point on the Marine Compass.
What is Boxing the Compass?
The action of naming all thirty-two points of Marine Compass from due North in a clockwise direction is called Boxing the Compass.
Back in the old days Boxing the Compass required to name all the 128 points including fractional points. That would be a torture for mariners if continued. If you like to know more about fractional points, refer this Wiki-page.

How to Box the Compass?
A 32 point Marine Compass comprises of following divisions:
- Cardinal points
- Inter-cardinal points
- Half points
- Quarter(By) points
Cardinal Points
Let’s start with the big guys. The four cardinal points are the main directions of the compass.
- north (N)
- east (E)
- south (S)
- west (W)
These Cardinal points are at right angles on the compass.
Intercardinal Points
The Intercardinal points are formed by bisecting the angle of the cardinal points.
- northeast (NE)
- southeast (SE)
- southwest (SW)
- northwest (NW)
The Cardinal and Intercardinal points together forms the eight principal directions of the Compass.
Half Point
The Half-points obtained by bisecting the angles between the eight principal points.
- north-northeast (NNE)
- east-northeast (ENE)
- east-southeast (ESE)
- south-southeast (SSE)
- south-southwest (SSW)
- west-southwest (WSW)
- west-northwest (WNW)
- north-northwest (NNW)
Quarter(By) Points
Further sixteen points are obtained by bisecting the angles between the above 16 points. These are called as Quarter points or By points.
- In the first quadrant: north by east (NxE), northeast by north (NExN), northeast by east (NExE), and east by north (ExN);
- In the second quadrant: east by south (ExS), southeast by east (SExE), southeast by south (SExS), and south by east (SxE);
- In the third quadrant: south by west (SxW), southwest by south (SWxS), southwest by west (SWxW), and west by south (WxS);
- In the fourth quadrant: west by north (WxN), northwest by west (NWxW), northwest by north (NWxN), and north by west (NxW).

Table of 32 Compass Points
Therefore the 32-point compass is yielded from the eight principal points, eight half-points and sixteen quarter-points combined together, with each point at an 11.25° angle from the next.
Direction | Symbol | Degrees |
North | N | 0(360) |
North by East | N by E | 11.25 |
North Northeast | NNE | 22.5 |
Northeast by North | NE by N | 33.75 |
Northeast | NE | 45 |
Northeast by East | NE by E | 56.25 |
East-Northeast | ENE | 67.5 |
East by North | E by N | 78.75 |
East | E | 90 |
East by South | E by S | 101.25 |
East-Southeast | ESE | 112.5 |
Southeast by East | SE by E | 123.75 |
Southeast | SE | 135 |
Southeast by South | SE by S | 146.25 |
South-Southeast | SSE | 157.5 |
South by East | S by E | 168.75 |
South | S | 180 |
South by west | S by W | 191.25 |
South-Southwest | SSW | 202.5 |
Southwest by South | SW by S | 213.75 |
Southwest | SW | 225 |
Southwest by West | SW by W | 236.25 |
West-Southwest | WSW | 247.5 |
West by South | W by S | 258.75 |
West | W | 270 |
West by North | W by N | 281.25 |
West-Northwest | WNW | 292.5 |
Northwest by West | NW by W | 303.75 |
Northwest | NW | 315 |
Northwest by North | NW by N | 326.25 |
North-Northwest | NNW | 337.5 |
North by West | N by W | 348.75 |
Final Thoughts

Modern navigators tend to forget good procedures established over many years by our Seafaring Forefathers. So I wish that the concept of Boxing the Compass to be practiced for the long run.
Also check this post about Marine Sextant, traditional navigation equipment which is on the verge of extinction. In case of any doubt or suggestions, Let me know in the comment section below.
What is the practical functional point of boxing the compass?
Nicholas spark
Had to learn to box the compass as a sea cadet back in 1958. It was one of the skills needed to advance from ordinary seaman to able bodied seaman.
I and four other twelve or thirteen year old cadets traveled unaccompanied by train from Carlisle to Devonport to complete our training to become able bodied seamen on the stone frigate HMS Drake.
What an adventure that was!
Can you send me a video for how to practice or perform the boxing the compass.thanks..godbless
Can you upload a video on how to do this thing ?
Hi..its in my short term list…will notify you once published. Keep reading!